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- Summary of article content: Articles about tuina massage techniques pdf Many books on massage were published. One such book was Acrane Techniques of Pediatric An Mo (Xiăo Ér Àn. Mó JƯng, ᇣܓᣝᨽ㒣), the earliest specialty book … …
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tuina massage techniques pdf
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- Summary of article content: Articles about tuina massage techniques pdf Generally it is used at the end of the Tui-na treatment. Moo=fa,. Daubing or massaging. Opens the orifices, calms the spirit, awakens the brain, and. …
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Tuina, A Manual of Chinese Massage Therapy by Sarah Pritchard – PDF Drive
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- Summary of article content: Articles about Tuina, A Manual of Chinese Massage Therapy by Sarah Pritchard – PDF Drive Tui na: A manual of Chinese massage therapy is a comprehensive handbook for the 21st century student and practitioner of . …
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Tui Na A manual of Chinese massage therapy
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(PDF) Tui Na (or Tuina) Massage: A Minireview of Pertinent Literature, 1970-2017 | Abdullah Al-bedah – Academia.edu
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tuina massage techniques pdf
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- Summary of article content: Articles about tuina massage techniques pdf A MANUAL OF CHINESE MASSAGE THERAPY. With accompanying DVD. Sarah Pritchard. Dip Tui na Clin.cert Tui na (Nanjing) Lic. Ac. MBAcC. Tui na Course Coordinator … …
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Xiangcai – Chinese Tui Na Massage – Free Download PDF
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- Summary of article content: Articles about Xiangcai – Chinese Tui Na Massage – Free Download PDF – lnd ed. p. cm. Includes index. LCCN: 2002101836 ISBN: 1-886969-04-3 1. Massage therapy. 2. Medicine, Chinese. I. Title. Disdaimer: The authors … …
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- Summary of article content: Articles about tuina massage techniques pdf Tuina-massage is the name for the massage therapy used in TCM. It is not very well known, but its history is as old as Chinese medicine itself. …
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Chinese Tui Na Massage
xu,W C C A lPublicadon Center Main Office: 4354 Washington Street Boston, Massachusetts, 02 131 6 17-323-72 15 [email protected] (awww.ymaa.comCopyright 0 2 0 0 2 by Xu XiangcaiISBN:1-886969-04-3 Edited by Sharon Rose Cover design by Richard Rossiter All ri hts reserved including the right of reprosuction in whole or in part in any form.PublZisher9sCataloging in Publiication (Prepared by Q~lalityBoolcs Inc.) Xu, Xiangcai. Chinese tui na massage : the essential guide to treating injuries, improving health, & balancing qi 1 Xu Xiangcai. – lnd ed. p. cm. Includes index. LCCN: 2002101836 ISBN: 1-886969-04-3 1. Massage therapy. 2. Medicine, Chinese. I. Title.Disdaimer: The authors and publisher of this material are N O T RESPONSIBLE in any manner whatsoever for any injury which may occur through reading or following the instructions in this manual. The activities, physical or otherwise, described in this material may be too strenuous or dangerous for some people, and the reader(s) should consult a physician before engaging in them. Printed in Canada.Table of Contents EdijtoPs Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . viiChapter 8 : Bntmduction to Tasina 1.1 Tuina as Therapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1.2 Tuina as Preventive Healthcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.3 Tuina History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1.4 Modern Research of Tuina Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1.5 Schools of Tuina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Chapter 2: Basics of T’irraa 2.1 Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2.2 Characteristics of Manipulations and Point Selection of Tuina . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.3 Commonly Used Mediums for Tuina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 Points for Clinical Attention in Tuina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 2.5 Indications of Tuina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2.6 Contraindications of Tuina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 Chapter 3: The Folurfleen ChapsneEls and the Common Acupoints 3.1 The Fourteen Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 3.2 The Acupoints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 3.3 The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations . . . . . . . . . 26 3.4 Other Commonly Used Tuina Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Chapter 4: Common Tuiina Manipulations 4.1 Yizhichan Tui . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 . 4 . 2 N a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 4.3An . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 4.4Mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.5Rou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 4.6DiAn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 4.7Ca . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 4.8Gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 4.9Zhen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 4.10Cuo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 4.11Mo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 4.12Tina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.13AnRou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 4.14Boyun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 4.15Ji . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .74 4.16Pai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.17Dou . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.18Yao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78 4.19Ban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 4.20Bashen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 9Table of ContentsChapter 5: Besic Tmining for Pedoming Manipae[lations 5.1 Methods for Practicing Manipulations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 5.2 Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 5.3. Yijinjing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .98 5.4 Shaolinneigong . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 5.5 Attention to Details . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 Chapter 6: Twatment of Common Adult Diseases 6.1CommonCold . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 6.2 Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 6.3 Insomnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 6.4Diarrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 6.5 Epigastralgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 6.6 Hemiplegia due to Apoplexy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 6.7 Flaccidity Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 6.8 Arthralgia syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 6.9 Hypertension . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132 6.-10-HiccupsT7-.-.-.-.-. …………………………….. …..-. .-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. .-.–.-. –.-.-.-.-. 1.34 6.1 1 Uroschesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136 6.12 Constipation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 6.13 Angina Pectoris . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 6.14 Colicky Pain of the Gallbladder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 6.15 Mastitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144 6.16 Dysmenorrhea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146 6.17 Postpartum General Aching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 6.18 Postpartum Tormina . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 6.19 Toothache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 6.20Pharyngitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 6.2 1 Dislocation of Tendon of Long Head of Biceps Brachii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 6.22 Tenosynovitis of Long Head of Biceps Brachii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 6.23 Tendinitis of Supraspinatus Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 6.24 Subacromial Bursitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 5 Exterl~alWumeral Epicondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.26 Medial Humeral Epicondylitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161 6.27 Sprained Wrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162 6.28 Carpal Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 6.29 Injury of Medial or Lateral Accessory Ligament of the Knee . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 6.30 Sprained Ankle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 6.3 1 Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 6.32 Sprain of Achilles Tendon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 6.33 Scapuiohumeral Periarthritis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 6.34 Disturbance of Costovertebral Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 6.3 5 Cervical Spondylopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179 6.36StiffNeck . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183 6.37 Disturbance of Lumbar Vertebral Facet Joints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184 6.38 Acute Lumbar Sprain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185 6.39 Syndrome of the Third Lumbar Vertebral Transverse Process . . . . . . . . . . . . 187 6.40 Chronic Strain of Lumbar Muscle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188 6.41 Prolapse of Lumbar Intervertebral Disc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189Chapter 7:: Tuiina for Pmventative Healthcam 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4Preventative Self-tuina of the Head. Face. and the Five Sense Organs . . . . . . 193 Preventative Self-tuina of the Extremities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 Preventative Self-tuina of the Chest and Abdomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 Preventative Self-tuina of the Neck. Back. and Waist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-.–Editor” Notes This volume offers information about the following topics: An introduction to tuina Methods and steps to learn proper structure and performance of tuina manipulations Mandatory exercises to practice the manipulations c% Commonly used manipulations for tuina Treatments of common adult diseases Self-tuina for preventative healthcare Note: This text focuses on proper execution of tuina techniques and, therefore, assumes you have been trained in necessary diagnostic techniques. To make the most of this learning experience, follow three easy steps. 1. Make sure you understand the basics of TCM. (This book assumes you have basic knowledge of Western medicine, massage therapy, and/or human anatomy and physiology). The level of your understanding of the basics will determine the level of proficiency that you can achieve in performing tuina. Generally speaking, one can master tuina techniques as long as sihe studies conscientiously and practices hard according to this book. Those with sound basic knowledge of TCM andlor Western medicine will grasp the essentials of tuina much more quickly. However, to perform at the level of a master tuina practitioner and to perform the more technically difficult manipulations with high proficiency (such as those of Yi Zhi Chan Tui Fa and Gun Fa) is impossible unless long-term professional training has been achieved. 2. Follow the directions in the Exercise Training sections of this book. Conscientiously perform the commonly used exercises according to the accepted training methods to adequately improve your own health, strength, and endurance as needed for a tuina specialty. 3. Practice the basic manipulations as described in the Commonly Used Manipulations sections of this book. Always remember the basic movement mechanism and technical essentials of every maneuver. To master the manipulation skills, strictly following the required training methods and procedures, proceed step-by-step, and practice, practice, practice-first on a bag filled with rice and then on the human body. Q)Foreword I am delighted to learn that Chinese Tui AJu Massage will soon come into the world. TCM has experienced many vicissitudes of times but has remained evergreen. It has made great contributions not only to the power and prosperity of our Chinese nation but to the enrichment and improvement of world medicine. Unfortunately, differences in nations, states and languages have slowed down its spreading and flowing outside China. Presently, however, an upsurge in learning, researching and applying Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is unfolding. In order to bring the practice of TCM to all areas of the globe, Mr. Xu Xiangcai called intellectuals of noble aspirations and high intelligence together from Shandong and many other provinces in China to compile and translate this text. I believe that the day when the world’s medicine is fully developed will be the day when TCM has spread throughout the world. I am pleased to give it my recommendation. Prof. Dr. H u Ximing Depzlty Minister ofthe Ministy of Pzlblic Heulth of the People’s Repzlblic of Chinu, Director Generul of the State Administrutiue Bzlreuzl of Trdditionul Chinese, Medicine und Phumcology, President o f the World Federdtion of Aczlpzlnctzlre Moxibzlstion Societies, Member of Chinu Associution of Science C Technology, Depzlty President of All-Chinu Associution of Tmditionul Chinese Medicine, President of Chinu Aczlpzlnctzlre & Moxibzlstion SocietyForeword The Chinese nation has been through a long, arduous course of struggling against diseases and has developed its own traditional medicine-Traditional Chinese Medicine and Pharmacology (TCMP). TCMP employs a unique, comprehensive, scientific system including both theories and clinical practice. Some thousand years since its beginnings, not only has TCMP been well preserved but also continuously developed. It has special advantages, such as remarkable curative effects and few side effects. Hence, it is an effective means by which people prevent and treat diseases and keep themselves strong and healthy. All achievements attained by any nation in the development of medicine are the public wealth of all humankind. They should not be confined within a single country. What is more, the need to set them free to flow throughout the world as quickly and precisely as possible is greater than that of any other kind of science. During my more than thirty years of being engaged in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), I have looked forward to the day when TCMP will have spread all over the world and made its contributions to the elimination of diseases of all humankind. However, I deeply regret that the pace of TCMP in extending outside China has been unsatisfactory due to the major difficulties in expressing its concepts in foreign languages. Mr. Xu Xiangcai, a teacher of Shandong College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, has sponsored and taken charge of the work of compilation and translation of The English-Chinese EncycZopedid of Pructicul Truditionul Chinese Medicine-an extensive series. This work is a great project, a large-scale scientific research, a courageous effort and a novel creation. I deeply esteem Mr. Xu Xiangcai and his compilers and translators, who have been working day and night for such a long time. I admire them for their hard labor, for the firm and indomitable will they displayed in overcoming one difficulty after another and for their great success achieved in this way. As a leader in the circles of TCM, I am duty bound to do my best to support them. I believe this encyclopedia will be certain to find its position both in the history of Chinese medicine and in the history of world science and technology. Mr. Zhang Qiwen Member of the Stunding Committee of AZZChinu Associution of TCM, Depzcty Head of the HeuZtb Department Shundong ProvincePreface Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is one of China’s great cultural heritages. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China in 1949, the treasure house of the theories of TCM has been continuously explored and the plentiful literature researched and compiled. The effort was guided by the farsighted TCM policy of the Chinese Communist Party and the Chinese government. As a result, great success has been achieved. Today, a worldwide upsurge has appeared in the studying and researching of TCM. To promote even more vigorous development of this trend in order that TCM may better serve all humankind, efforts are required to further it throughout the world. To bring this about, the language barriers must be overcome as soon as possible in order that TCM can be accurately expressed in foreign languages. Thus, the compilation and translation of a series of English-Chinese books of basic knowledge of TCM has become of great urgency to serve the needs of medical and educational circles both inside and outside China. In recent years, at the request of the health departments, satisfactory achievements have been made in researching the expression of TCM in English. Based on the investigation into the history and current state of the research work mentioned above, The English-Chinese Encyclopediu of Pmcticul Truditionul Chinese Medicine has been published to meet the needs of extending the knowledge of TCM around the world. The encyclopedia consists of twenty-one volumes, each dealing with a particular branch of TCM. In the process of compilation, the distinguishing features of TCM have been given close attention and great efforts have been made to ensure that the content is scientific, practical, comprehensive and concise. The chief writers of the Chinese manuscripts include professors or associate professors with at least twenty years of practical clinical andlor teaching experience in TCM. The Chinese manuscript of each volume has been checked and approved by a specialist of the relevant branch of TCM. The team of the translators and revisers of the English versions consists of TCM specialists with a good command of English professional medical translators and teachers of English from TCM colleges or universities. At a symposium to standardize the English versions, scholars from twenty-two colleges or universities, research institutes of TCM or other health institutes probed the question of how to express TCM in English more comprehensively, systematically and accurately and discussed and deliberated in detail thePrefaceEnglish versions of some volumes in order to upgrade the English versions of the whole series. The English version of each volume has been re-examined and then given a final checking. Obviously this encyclopedia will provide extensive reading material of TCM English for senior students in colleges of TCM in China and will also greatly benefit foreigners studying TCM. The diligent efforts of compiling and translating this encyclopedia have been supported by the responsible leaders of three organizations: 1. State Education Commission of the People’s Republic of China 2. State Administrative Bureau of TCM and Pharmacy and the Education Commission 3.Wealth Department of Shandong Province Under the direction of the Higher Education Department of the State Education Commission, the leading board of compilation and translation of this encyclopedia was created. The leaders of many colleges of TCM and pharmaceutical factories of TCM have also given assistance. We hope that this encyclopedia will promote further and improve instruction of TCM in English at the colleges of TCM in China, cultivate the sharing of ideas of TCM in English in medical circles and give impetus to the study of TCM outside China.Introduction to Tuina In ancient China, therapy was classified based on how each therapy was administered; it was either external or internal. One external type of therapy is tuina, a branch of medicine guided by the theories of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). TCM is founded on the concepts of treating the body as an integrated whole, the theory of yin and yung, five element theory, and the meridians-including primary channels, collaterals, and acupoints. In tuina, manipulations are used to stimulate points or other parts of the body surface to correct physiological imbalance in the body and achieve curative effects. That is, tuina dredges the channels and collaterals, promotes blood circulation, and regulates yin and yung so as to return body functions to normal. Since the primary effect of tuina is to restore balance, tuina increases or decreases the body’s functions to combat either excess or deficiency as appropriate. For this reason, tuina is said to regulate dual-directionally. For instance, tuina practiced on appropriate points over the abdomen and back (or arms) returns abnormal peristalsis to normal–regardless of whether the patient suffers from byperperistalsis or bypoperistalsis. In general, the effect of tuina is twofold: smoothing and checking. Smoothing means dispersing obstruction, while checking means restraining hyperfunction.1.1 Tuina as Therapy Tuina is traditionally and most often used to treat the following: Cervical spondylosis Lumbar muscle strain Acute lumbar muscle sprain Prolapse of lumbar intervertebral disc Rheumatoid arthritis Epigastralgia @Chapter 1 : Introduction to TuinaGastroptosia Constipation Hypertension Apoplexy DiabetesAdditionally, allergic colitis and duodenal bulbar ulcers heal more quickly when they are treated with tuina, and, in recent years, tuina treatments of chronic coronary disorders and angina pectoris have been very successful.l m 2TuPna as Preventive Healthcare Tuina may be used not only to treat diseases but also to protect health and build up the body to prevent disease. By practicing selftuina, Chinese forefathers kept their qi and blood flowing freely, strengthened their tendons and bones, eliminated fatigue and restlessness, and promoted longevity.1.3 Tuina History As seen throughout medical history, people of medicine often use their hands to treat or prevent diseases. In primitive times when there were neither medical instruments nor drugs to treat diseases, our ancestors could do nothing but use the spontaneous medical methods of self-rubbing, self-kneading or pounding, and stepping on each other. They rubbed, pressed, kneaded, or pounded their own or their patients’ bodies in order to keep out the cold; warm themselves; and eliminate fatigue, abdominal distention, and various injuries. This instinct and proven practice is the origin of Tuina. Chinese forefathers organized the practice into a formal therapy and continually developed their practical experiences over time. Gradually, this therapy became what is called now the natural therapy of tuina. The following are key milestones in tuina’s evolution. The reign of Emperor Huang. Tunia exists as a practice called anwu. Warring Stages (two thousand years ago). Tuina is called anmo and develops into a widely used and more organized medical therapy. For example, Bian Que, an outstanding physician living in that time, once used a comprehensive therapy including anmo to treat a crown prince of the state of Guo who was suffering from corpse-like syncope. Reportedly anmo drew him back from the jaws of death.Tuina HistoryThe dynasties of Qin and Han. A dissertation on unmo entitled Hzlung D i Qi Bo An Mo Jing ShiJzlun is written. This is followed by the Chinese medical classic, Nei Jing, which contains many chapters dealing with nearly all aspects of unmo therapy (the origin, manipulations, clinical application, indications, therapeutic principles and teaching). The experiences obtained and the methods created both in the past medical practice are enriched and summed up step-by-step. The time of the Three Kingdoms. Guolno enhances the practice of unmo therapy, by first smearing an ointment made from herbal medicines on the patient’s body surface. Zhang Zhongjing advances and summarizes the method of guomo in the book Jin Kzli YUOLzle. Hua Tuo uses this method to treat febrile diseases and get rid of superficial pathogens in the skin, expanding the uses for which unmo and guomo are effective.The time of the West Jin, East Jin and Northern and Southern Dynasties (265-568 A.D.), guomo technique is further developed. In the book Mui Jing, Wang Shuhe outlines a way in which pain due to arthralgia syndrome is treated with an ointment @Ge Hong systematically sums up the prescriptions, drugs, indications, and operations of guomo in the book, Zhoz~Hozl Bei Ji Fung. Tao Hongjing’s book, Yung Xing Yun Ming Lzl, addresses physical and breathing exercises combined with self-massage aimed at preventative healthcare and self-treatment of diseases.Dynasties of Sui and Tang. Anlno is officially set up in the State Office of Imperial Physicians. Massage practitioners fell into different degrees: doctor (referring to one with doctorate), physician, and technician. With the help of physicians and workers, doctors took charge of the medical work and classroom instruction of massage. Sun Simiao’s book, QiGln Jin Fmg, is the first to discuss the treatment of more than ten infantile diseases with guomo therapy. Anmo, as a clinical subject of TCM, makes great advances in its system of basic theory, diagnostic technique, and treatment of several diseases in adults and infants. The practice of unnzo spreads to foreign countries such as Korea, Japan, and India. (During this time, the exchange ofChapter 1 : Introduction to Tuina culture and ideas between China and other countries thrives due to the greater development of politics, economy, culture, and transportation.) Dynasties of Song, Jin, and Yuan. Anmo therapy is mainly used to treat disorders or osteotrauma and lays the foundations for the medical system of bone setting with tuina. r Anmo is used to expedite child delivery. Ming Dynasty. The term tzlina appears for the first time and indicates the flourish of unmo as a distinct academic branch with its own specific system of diagnosis, manipulations and points. (The innovation of subject terminology, i.e., “tuina” is a sign that this subject has been raised to a high level as a whole.) Qing Dynasty. Tuina is frowned upon by the government and yet spreads rather extensively among the people. Remarkable developments are made. Methods for treating fractures and trauma are developed and practiced. The medical branch of traumatology using tuina is formed.1949. The government advocates TCM with a great effort and looks at tuina medicine with a new eye. In 1956, the first tuina training class is held in Shanghai. In 1958, Shanghai Clinic of Tuina and Shanghai Technical Secondary School of Tuina are set up. Up to 196Os, a professional contingent of tuina is formed in China. Folk tuina practitioners all over China are assigned to hospitals to work in the clinical departments of tuina. In 1974, the first tuina section appears at the department of Acupunture, Tuina and Traumatology in Shanghai College of TCM. Later, the same thing happens in the TCM colleges of Beijing, Nanjing, Fujian and Anhui. This provides conditions for cultivating outstanding tuina physicians. c In 1987, the All-China Association of Tuina was created. From then on, academic exchanges of Tuina, national or international, are conducted vigorously. Today. Tuina medicine flourishes in China and plays an active part in various medical fields such as medical service, rehabilitation, and prevention. Its safe, effective, and harmless advantages without side effects are to be known and accepted by the people all over the world.Modern Research of Tuina Manipulations1.4 Modern Researchof Tuina ManipulationsResearch as to “why” tuina actually has the effects it does is underway and no real answers exist yet. However, significant information has been gathered as to what factors of manipulations provide the greatest results. To gather information about the dynamic force of manipulation, the causality between a manipulation and the force it produces, and TCM principles’ effects of the maneuvers of tuina, the TDL-I Analyzer for Determining the Dynamic Force of Tuina Manipulation was develI-,.’. – – –oped. (See Figure 1). and combined it in 1981 with a corresponding secondary meter, Measuring and Recording System I of the Mechanical Information of , Tuina Manipulation (See Figure ‘ 2). In 1984, we combined it with X+=&+& j’ +L&G-~ another instrument called the Figure I Computer-process System of the Mechanical Information of Tuina Manipulation (See Figure 3). Since then, we continue to perform systematic sports biomechanical researches-wi th those instrumentson the manipulations of modern academic authorities of different tuina schools. We record tri-dimensional mechanical waviness-curve diagrams of tuina manipulations (See 4,5 , 6, 7, 8), and perform —Figures —.-kinematics and dynamics analysis Figure 2 of each manipulation and its diagram. By so doing, we obtain the objective quantitative index of the experience and technical secrets of tuina manipulation, which previously could only be realized through one’s own experience (not be learnehd from a teacher). Now these secrets may begin to be expressed in scientific language. For example, from the vertical curve lines in Figure 6 we can see that in the waveform of a periodicity of Gun Fa (rolling), an apparent epicycloidal, wave is closely followed by an inward one whose mechanical quantity is as large as Figure 3 two-thirds of the former. This I,** ‘ %-LT-4-/3.-Chapter 1: Introduction to TuinaFigure 4Figure 5Figure 6Figure 8Figure 7Schools of Tuina shows that the force exerted in one periodicity of Gun Fa is both outward and inward, giving the body two times stronger stimuli with one larger than the other. Therefore, compared with other manipulations, Gun Fa has larger stimulation quantity and rich mechanical information. This may be the reason that Gun Fa has certain advantages in treating diseases such as arthralgia, flaccidity, paralysis, and numbness. Take Ping Tui Fa (translation-push), the main maneuver of Nei Gong Tuina, as another example. This maneuver seems just to push and rub the hand up and down over the operated part of the body, and beginners tend to direct their force horizontally. Yet is found out from the tri-dimensional dynamic-force curve lines supplied in Figure 7 that the proportions of the vertical, longitudinal, and transverse forces of Ping Tui Fa are 1:0.3:0. This makes it clear that the technical secret of Ping Tui Fa is to exert the force of the hand vertically on the operated part so as to lead its effect to the interior. Obviously, this research has wide and practical value and academic significance. The research helps to: Sort the experience of the manipulations of modern physicians Develop tuina therapy Reform the traditional teaching methods (as needed) Study in greater depth the principles and mechanisms of the maneuvers of tuina manipulations1.5 Schools of Tuina Because of the long history and staged development of tuina, tuina has rich and colorful academic schools and systems that vary, for example, by specialty, region, and/or lineage of the teachers. A general study of the many schools discloses the fact that they are all the same in the following three ways: 1. Each has a long history and formed, spread, and thrived within a district 2. Each is guided by a theory, rich in medical practical experience, and has expert indications and unique methods for exercise and specialty training 3. Each has a main maneuver, which may be called “school maneuver,” usually colored by evident touch of provincialism and local citizens. Take 35 Zhi Chan Tuina (a manipulation operating with one thumb), for example.Chapter 1: Introduction to Tuina* Yi Zhi Chan rlilina is pop~~1ar in South China, especially in the provinces of Jiangsu and Zhejiang and the city of Shanghai, ever since the years of Xianfeng (an emperor) in the (Ping Dynasty (185 1-1862). It is operated according to the diagnosis made through comprehensively differentiating the all-round condition of both the syndrome and patient from the disease causing the distress. s As for the maneuvers, the leading one is yi xhi chdn tgi fu (a manipulation operated with one thumb). The secondary maneuvers are nu (grasping), un (pressing), mo (rubbing), gun (rolling), niun (twisting), chuo (sweeping), cuo (foulage), chun (quick-push), roz~(kneading), yuo (rotating) and dog (shaking). Yi Zhi Chan Tuina has a whole set of methods for training professional techniques. This school of tuina attaches special importance to learning basic skills because the leading maneuver and some secondary ones are hard to master. This kind of tuina is mainly conducted along the fourteen channels, on the points along them, and on the extra-channel points and nonfixed points. It can be used to treat diseases, such as disorders of the channels, collaterals, body, or internal organs whether they are due to external or internal cause.Basics ofTuina In ancient times, tuina did not distinguish between adult and infant patients. Since the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644), however, tuina developed to suit the physiological and pathological characteristics of infants. Later, adult tuina was advanced to distinguish it from infant tuina. Adult tuina is different from infant tuina in manipulation, stimulation quantity, selected points, therapeutic method, and indications. This book describes adult tuina in clinical practice. Do NOT perform uny of these munqzlhtions on infdnts. Infant tzlinu is u the~upythut reqzlires advunced Eastern medicul twining und certzficution.2.1 Manipulations While performing tuina, the practitioner concentrates hislher own mind, regulates the breath evenly, and moves the qi and power from all of hislher body to the hands. Slhe keeps the power-bearing point on the operated part and manipulates the channels and points of the skin with certain standardized movements. Thus, tuina creates stimulating messages via a specific power pattern consisting of quantity, frequency, periodicity, rhythm, and direction of the manipulation’s force. Each power pattern activates a specific function of the channels and their corresponding points. Like the ripple effect of a pebble thrown in the water, the effect of tuina manipulations “ripple” to different layers of body tissues from the points to superficial channels and collaterals to internal organs. In this way, the whole system enters an activated state in which optimal self-regulating functions are achieved. Therefore, tuina takes a therapeutic role in: Balancing yin and yang Restoring qi Removing excesses, Regulating ying and wei Smoothing the channels and collaterals Promoting the circulation of qi and blood QChapter 2: Basics of TuinaCoordinating the zang and fu organs Relieving inflammation, stopping pain, lubricating the joints, etc. In addition, tuina manipulations correct anatomic abnormalities and restore the function of injured soft tissues and tendons. For instance, when certain disorders-like displacement of muscle and tendon andlor subluxation of joints-are treated, different corresponding tuina maneuvers strengthen the body by regulating the qi flow and blood or treat the injured muscles and tendons by activating the channels and collaterals.2.2 Characteristicssf Manipulations and PointSelection of Tuina Characteristics. The manipulations for tuina of any school are characterized by body region, motion range, and stimulation quantity. These characteristics are more suitable for application on an adult’s body, including the points, the routes of the fourteen channels, and certain parts of the trunk or extremities. Point Selection. The points selected for manipulation are usually on the superficial routes of the fourteen regular channels of the trunk and extremities, the extra-channel points, and the non-fixed points. The practitioner choose patient’s age, sex, c Slhe puts the selected points and manipulations into order according to prescribed practice and then carries out the practical treatment. As for the rules and methods for selecting points, they are the same as those used in acupuncture therapy: local points, nearby points, distant points along the channel.2.3 Commonly Used Mediums for Tuina Mediums should be added when many tuina manipulations-Ca Fa (rub), Mo Fa (palm-rub), Ping Tui Fa (translation-push), and Zhi Tui Fa (finger-push)-are conducted in clinical practice. The effects of a medium is twofold: 1. To reinforce the effect of manipulations and raise curative effects through the action of the drugs it contains 2. To lubricate the manipulated skin of a patient, which benefits the performance of manipulations and protects the skin from being injured.Points for Clinical Attention i n TuinaNowadays, commonly used mediums for tuina include both traditional and contemporary mediums. A brief description of the more commonly used mediums follows: Talcum Powder. Lubricates. Usually Figure 9 used in summer. When manipulations are condicted on parts where a lot of sweat tends to appear, local application of talcum powder may protect the skin of both the patient and the doctor (See Figure 9). Sesame Oil. Used in small quantity with Ca Fa (rubbing) to lubricate. Increases diathermic effect of the manipulation. Ointment of Chinese Holly Leaf. Made by mixing dongqing oil (methyl salicylate) with Vaseline. Used with Ca Fa (rub) or RouAnFa (knead-press). Strengthens the diathermic effect of the manipulations. Also removes wind-dampness, promotes blood circulation, and relieves pain (See Figure 9). Turpentine oil. Made from honghzld (Flos curth~mi)and liquid medicine for relieving the rigidity of muscles. Activates collaterals. Massage Emulsion. Landing Stage (brand) Massage Emulsion manufactured by Jinan Chemical Plant for Producing Goods of Daily Use. Modern medium with natural perfume oil, extracts of herbal medicines, and surface-active Figure 10 agents. Clinical and pharmacological experiments prove use with Mo (palm-rub) and Ca (rub), lubricates the skin and promotes blood circulation to stop pain, relieve inflammation, and alleviate fatigue (See Figure 10).2,4 Points for Clinical Attention in Tuina In tuina clinical practice, three factors are essential to ensure safe and effect treatment without side effects, facilitate practitioner’s performance, and provide the patient with better medical service and mentalChapter 2: Basics of Tuinaease. These factors include using essential medical facilities, preparation by and conduct of the practitioner and preparation by and conduct of the patient. Following is an explanation of each of the three factors. Essential Medical Facilities: A spacious and bright consulting room in which there is fresh air, favorable temperature (25°C or so) and a convenient water Beds that are clean, tidy, smooth, stable, fixed, not too high and not too low-reaching the knees of the practitioner is proper. Enough space around the bed so that the practitioner can regulate hisiher standing position freely and do the work with ease. Accessibility to mediums-keep them ready within reach. Accessibility to appropriate medical towels, blankets, and soft cushions, which vary in size and are put beneath or on a patient’s body during the course of treatment. Chairs or stools whose height may be easily adjusted. Large mirror(s) with lower edges are near the floor, in which the patient may look at himlherself when performing medical exercises. Preparation by and Conduct of the Practitioner: e Communication. Before treatment, a practitioner tells the patient with warm and sincere attitude about the treatment. This communication includes details about what responses are likely to happen while the manipulations are conducted and how s/he must cooperate. During the treatment, the practitioner interprets patiently what has happened in order to be trusted by the patient. * Personal care. A practitioner often trims hislher fingernails, keeps his/her hands soft and smooth, and removes rings, watches and other jewelry from the hands before treatment lest the skin of the patient be injured. Observation. While s/he manipulates, the practitioner concentrates and observes attentively the patient’s facial expressions and responses. S/he also pays close attention to the feeling of the hands. If and when something abnormal is found, timely proper measure is taken. 8 Posture. According to the disease, constitution, age, sex, and manipulated part of the patient, the practitioner chooses an appropriate posture to ensure that the patient feels comfortable and that the manipulations are easily performed. a Carrying out the Manipulations. aPoints for Clinical Attention in Tuina a. A practitioner pays attention to coordinating hislher own movements and brings hislher will, breathing, and maneuvers into line. Even when sudden exertion of strength is needed, do not hold or control your breathing to prepare for the exertion lest self-injuries occur. b. Be sure the manipulated part is appropriately exposed. For example, Ping Tui Fa (translation-push) and Ca (rub) are performed directly on the patient’s skin. Conversely, manipulations are performed through the patient’s clothing or a towel in Yi Zhi Chan TuiFa (one-thumb operation) and GunFa (roll). If done otherwise, the manipulations’ curative effects are lowered. c. In the course of manipulation, the stimulation quantity and the passive motor scope is adjusted. It needs to be no smaller than necessary to reach the appropriate stimulation value, but as large as possible up to a point the patient can endure and the human structure, the pathological conditions, and the physiological function can stand. Note: Violent manipulating will bring manipulative injuries to patients. As examples: Over-rubbing , over-pressing , digi tal-pressing , and overkneading will break the skin and cause ecchymosis Violent hitting, beating, tapping, and pressing will lead to fracture and injury of the internal organs Over-pulling, over-rotating, and too much traction will result in laceration of ligaments and subluxation of joints Over-manipulating the spinal column will bring about subluxation of cervical vertebra, intimal laceration of the vertebral artery, and infarction of the cerebellum and brain stem Preparation by and Conduct of the Patient: Trust. The patient trusts the practitioner, follows hislher orders, and cooperates with himlher closely. Exercise and diet. Patients do not go for the treatment after strenuous exercise or on a full or empty stomach. Optimally, treatment is given one hour after a meal and after at least ten minutes of rest in the consulting room. a Near-time preparation. Just before treatment, the patient empties hislher bladder and removes outerwear and belt. a Communication. The patient tells the practitioner about hislher health condition. Slhe should include informationChapter 2: Basics of Tuinaabout fever, whether the skin is ruptured, damaged or infected near the part to be manipulated, and, she is menstruating or pregnant. State of mind. The patient calms the mind and relaxes the whole body. Slhe should not read or go to sleep. Slhe should pay attention to the experience of manipulation stimulation and tell the practitioner hislher feelings as the work is being done.2.5.1 DISORDERS DUETO TRAUMA.Indications of disorders due to trauma include: a Various sprains and contusion * Subluxation of joints a Stiff neck Cervical spondylopathy Prolapse of lumbar intervertebral discs, posterior articular disturbance of lumbar vertebrae, or syndrome of the transverse rocess of the third lumbar vertebr Retrograde spondylitis Superior clunial neuritis e Piriformis syndrome Scapulohumeral periarthritis e Subacromial bursitis External humeral epicondylitis o Tenosynovitis stenosans a Meniscus injury * Systremma s Sternocostal shield injury Disturbance of costovertebral joints and functional disturbance of temporognathic jointsIndications of disorders due to medical syndromes include: Epigastralgia Gastroptosis, gastrointestinal dysfunction, and gastroduodenal ulcer a HeadacheContraindications of TuinaInsomnia Asthma and pulmonary emphysema Cholecystitis Hypertension, angina pectoris, and coronary heart disease Diarrhea and constipation Diabetes Impotence Uroschesis Neurosism2.5.3 DISEASE O F SURGERY.Indications of surgical disorders include: e Acute mastitis in the early stages Bed sore Post-operative intestinal adhesion @2.5.4 DISEASE OF GYNECOLOGY.Indications of gynecological disorders include: Dysmenorrhea and irregular menstruation g Anemia Pelvic inflammation Puerperal separation of symphysis pubis2,6 Contraindications of Tuina Contraindications of tuina include: BB Acute and chronic communicable diseases such as hepatitis Infective disease such as erysipelas, medullitis, and suppurative arthritis Various hemorrhagic diseases such as gastric ulcer in its bleeding period, hematochezia, and hematuria Various malignant tumors, tuberculosis, and pyemia Scald and localized area of ulcerative dermatitis C+ Bleeding due to trauma Lumbosacral and abdominal portions of a woman in menstrual or pregnant periodThe Fourteen Channe s and the According to Western medical principles, the explanation of why tuina is effective when treating diseases has not yet been clarified. We continue to explore mysteries such as the essence of channels and collaterals; the biomechanical feature of the movement of each tuina manipulation; and the bio-physiochemical process during which the stimulus of a manipulation is received, distributed, transformed, and utilized in the body. From TCM’s point of view, the principles behind tuina’s effectiveness focus on the effect produced when a manipulation is performed on the channel and point system of the human body. Based on energy flow and the relation of each part to the whole (of the body), TCM dictates that tuina’s effectiveness depends on two simple sources: manipulations and channels. All tuina clinical work such as differentiation and diagnosis of diseases, selection of points, composition of prescriptions, choice of manipulations, and operations of maneuvers are guided by the theory of channels and collaterals. Therefore, the first thing for a stzldent to do-euen before prdcticing-is learn, zlnderstdnd, and remember the basic principles of the Fourteen Channels and the commonly ased points.3.”81The Fourteen Channels Literally, channel means “route,” and collateral, “network.” The channel is the cardinal conduit of the meridian system and the collateral is its branch. “Meridian” is the general term for both the channels and collaterals. The meridian system acts as specific passageways for the circulation of qi and blood throughout the body, the interconnection between visceral organs and extremities, and the communication of the upper body with the lower and of the interior body parts with theChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsexterior. The channels take a definite route, but the collaterals are widely distributed throughout the body like an interlacing network that combines all structures of the body such as the zang-f~organs, body orifices, skin, muscles, tendons, and bones into an integral whole. Channels and collaterals are everywhere in the whole body-in the organs and extremities. They connect all organs and tissues throughout the body such as zang (solid) organs, fa (hollow) organs, orifices, skin, tendons, muscles, and skeleton. Qi and blood circulate in the channels and collaterals, supply nutrients, and transmit messages from the interior to the exterior and vice versa. In this way, a whole stereoscopic regulating and controlling system is formed. The term “Fourteen Channels” refers to the Twelve Regular Channels (those related to the 12 mng-fi~organs), the Ren Channel, and the Du Channel. The 12 channels are the main component of the system of the channels and collaterals. For this reason, they are also called “regular channels.” Each corresponds to its respective zang-fa organ and is named after its respective zang or fa organ. For example, the channel connecting the heart is called Heart Channel; the one connecting the large intestine is the Large Intestine Channel, and so on.Finally, there are also Three Yin Channels of Hand, Three Yin Channels of Foot, Three Yang Channels of Hand, and Three Yang Channels of Foot; these terms are given according to the distribution of the yin and yang channels in the upper and legs. The Twelve Regular Channels are distributed on the body surface as follows. Yang channels are mainly distributed on the lateral surfaces of the arms and legs and on the back Yin channels are distributed on the medial surfaces of the arms and legs and on the abdominal portion (except that the Stomach Channel of Foot-Yangming crosses the trunk through the ventral surface) The Three Yin Channels of Hand start from the chest and run to the hand The Three Yang Channels of Hand run from the hand to the headThe Fourteen ChannelsImportant Acupressure PointsChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints The Three Ying Channels of Foot run from the head to the foot The Three Yin Channels of Foot run from the foot up to the abdomen The Twelve Regular Channels are connected to each other by their branches (collaterals). There are six pairs of connections among zang and fa organs and, correspondingly, six pairs of connections from the interior to the exterior among the yin and ymg channels. e Yin channels pertaining to zang but connected with fa and ydng channels pertaining to fa but connected to zdng are linked together through the Channels of Hand and Foot. This system starts from the Lung Channel, ends at the Liver Channel and starts again from the Lung Channel, just like a ring in which qi and blood circulate endlessly. See the diagram below for a visual representation of the relationships and paths of the channels and collaterals.The Lung Channel of Hand-Taiyin(1)The Large Intestine Channel of Hand-Yangming(2)The Stomach Channel of Foot-Yangming (3)The Spleen Channel of Foot-Taiyin (4) The Heart Channel of Hand-Shaoyin (5)The Small Intestine Channel of Hand-TaiyangThe Kidney Channel of Foot-Shaoyin (8)The Urinary Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang (7)The Pericardium Channel of Hand-Jueyin (9)The San Jiao Channel of Hand4haoyang (10)The Liver Channel of Foot-Jueyin (12)The Gall Bladder Channel of Foot-Shaoyang (11)shows the connecting order shows the exteriorlinterior relationship(6)The Fourteen ChannelsPhysiologically, the Twelve Regular Channels function in primarily three ways: 1. To connect all parts of the body. Channels are the direct passages in the system of the channels and collaterals, while collaterals are a network of branches of every kind connecting the channels and organs. These organs include the five zang, six fa, limbs, bones, skin, muscles, tendons, and the five sense organs. 2. To transport qi and blood. The channels and collaterals crisscross throughout the body, forming a system in which qi and blood circulate and bring nutrients to the tissues and organs of all parts of the body so as to maintain the normal physiological function of the human body. 3.To regulate the function of the body. Because of both the crisscross connections and the regulation function of the channels and collaterals, all parts of the body can work cooperatively so that the invasion of pathogenic factors are resisted and the body functions normally. In fact, if the organism is in a state of pathology, the channels and collaterals signal the symptoms and signs and transmit the route of diseases. Diseases attacking the internal organs may be manifested on the body’s surface through the channels and collaterals. For example, tenderness, allergic reaction, or other pathological manifestations may occur on a specific part of the body surface after some visceral diseases develop. Injuries and disorders of the body surface may also affect the internal tissues and organs at any level through the system of the channels and collaterals. Disease of one organ may lead to disease of another organ, again because of their connections of channels and collaterals. 3.1.2 THE REN CHANNELA N D THE DU CHANNELThe channels of Ren, Du, Chong, Dai, Yangqiao, Yinqiao, Yangwei and Yinwei collectively are called the Eight Extraordinary (or Extra) Channels. They are different from the Twelve Regular Channels in that they neither pertain to mag-fa organs directly nor have exterior-interior relationship with any other channel. Their main physiological function is to regulate qi and blood in the Twelve Regular Channels. 1. The Ren Channel runs along the midline of the abdomen and chest and up to the mandible. On the way, it meets the yin channels of the whole body. That is why it is called the “sea of yin channels.” It regulates qi in all the yin channels.Chapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints 2. The DUChannel runs along the midline of the waist, back, and nape and up to the cranium. On the way, it meets the yung channels of the whole body. That is why it is called “the sea of yung channels.” It regulates qi in all the yung channels. Of the Eight Extra Channels, only the Ren and Du Channels have their own points. All the other six share points of the 12 Regular Channels. Because they have their own points, the Ren and Du Channels are included with the 12 Regular Channels to form the Fourteen Channels as the basis of tuina therapy.3.2 The Wcaapoints Locations where qi and blood of the channels, collaterals, and viscera come in, go out, and pool by way of transfusion are called points. They fall into the following three categories: 1. Channel points have specific names and locations on the route of any of the fourteen channels 2. Extraordinary points have specific names and locations not on the route of any of the fourteen channels3. ness or other reactions. All the points, no matter what kind they are, are closely related to the channels and collaterals, and by means of the channels and collatera l ~they , closely connect with the zung and fa organs and the tissues of the whole body. They reflect the physiological and pathological changes of the organs and tissues so as to provide a basis for clinical differentiation, diagnosis, selection of tuina points, and composition of tuina prescription. The points also serve as the stimulated spots of tuina manipulations. Stimulating the points with manipulation is intended to stimulate the adjusting function of the corresponding channels and collaterals so that the function of qi and blood of the mng-fa organs can be regulated. This helps the inherent ability of the body to resist diseases. Identifying the correct tuina points directly affects the curative effects in clinical practice. To ensure right locations of the points, sound methods are needed. Following are commonly used methods of identification.The AcupointsThe width or length of various portions of the human body is divided respectively into definite numbers of equal units. Each unit is divided respectively into definite numbers of equal subunits, each of which is called one can. The method to locate points with this measurement is called proportional measurements. This method is applicable to patients of different ages and body sizes. (See Figure 11 and the following table to find into how many can each portion of the body is divided.). This is a method used to locate points with the length or width of the patient’s finger(s). The practitioner’s finger(s) may be used instead ifBody PartHeadChest and AbdomenDistanceProportional MeasurementFrom the anterior hairline to the posterior hairline.12 CanLongitudinal MeasurementBetween the two nipples.8 CanTransverse MeasurementFrom the end of the Xiphoid process to the center of the umbilicus.8 CanLongitudinal MeasurementBetween the center of the umbilicus and the upper margin of pubic bone.BackMethodBetween the medial borders of the two scapulae.Explanation The Distance from the glabella to the anterior hairline is taken as 3 Can; from the Dazhui (DU14) to the posterior hairline, 3 Cun. If the anterior and posterior hairlines are indistinguishable, the distance from the glabella to the Dazhui (DU14) is then taken as 18 Can. The distance between the bilateral Quepen (ST12) can be used as the substitute of the transverse measurement of the two nipples.Longitudinal Measurement6 CanTransverse MeasurementTransverse measurement used to locate points on the loins and back.Between the end of the axillary fold and the transverse cubital ExtremitiesApplicable to the measurement of both the medial and lateral aspects of the upper limb. easurementof the lower limbs. Between the center of the patella easurement Extremities From the level of the upper margin of pubic bone to the upper border of the medial the lower limbs.For measurement of tip of the medial malleolus.MeasurementTable 1Chapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints hislher body size is similar to that of the pa-tient. Generally speaking, when the patient’s middle finger is flexed, the distance between both medial ends of the creases of the interphalangeal joints is taken as one czn or the width of the interphalangeal joint of the patient’s thumb is taken as one czn. In addition, the width of the proximal interphalangeal joints of the closed four fingers (index, middle, ring, and small) is taken as three can (See Figure 12-1 and 12-2). Locating points according to various anatomical landmarks on the body surface is a basic method for point location. Those landmarks fall into two categories: fixed and moving. Fixed Landmarks. Fixed landmarks are those whose positions will not change with body movement. The five sense organs, nipples, umbilicus, and the protrusions and depressions of various bones are examples of fixed landmarks. Moving Landmarks. Moving Landmarks refer to those that will appear only when a body part remains in a specific position. The depression and prominence of the muscles, the appearance of the tendons, and the creases of the skin when a movement is being done are3.3 The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tarina Manipulations 3.3.1 THE LUNGCHANNEL OF HAND-TAIYINThis channel originates from the middle-jido, runs downward toFigure 12-1Figure 12-2The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations connect with the large intestine, winds back and goes upward into the lung-the organ to which it pertainscomes out transversely from the lung system to reach Zhongfu (LU I), descends along the radial border of the medial aspect of the arm, and ends at Shaoshang (LU 11) at the radial side of the thumb. Its branch emerging from Lieque (LU 7) runs to the radial side of the tip of the index finger, where it meets the Large Intestine Channel of Hand-Yangming, to which the Lung Channel of Hand-Taiyin is exteriorly-interiorly related. Located along either of the left or right routes of the Lung Figure 13 Channel of Hand-Taiyin are 11 points. Following are the most commonly used of these 11 points. (See Figure 13). 1. Zhongfu (LU 1) a. Location: 6 cgn lateral to the midline of the chest, at the level of the interspace between the 1st and 2nd ribs b. Indications: Cough, choking sensation in the chest, chest pain, and pain in the shoulder and back c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Mo 2. Chize (LU 5) a. Location: In the middle of the cubital crease and on the radial side of the tendon of the biceps muscle of the arm. b. Indications: Spasmodic pain of the elbow and arm, cough, fullness in the chest and the hypochondriac region, and infantile convulsions c. Manipulations: An, Rou, Na and Yizhichan Tui 3. Lieque (LU 7) a. Location: Superior to the styloid process of the radius, 1.5 can above the transverse crease of the wrist. When the indexChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsfingers and thumbs of both hands are crossed with the index finger of one hand placed on the styloid process of the radius of the other, the point is in the depression right under the tip of the index finger. b. Indications: Headache, facial paralysis and hemiplegia c. Manipulations: An and Qia (nip). 4. Yuji (LU 10) a. Location: At the midpoint of the first metacarpal bone and on the junction of the red and white skin b. Indications: Pain in the chest and back, headache, vertigo, sore throat, and fever with chills c. Manipulations: An, Rou, and Qia 5. Shashang (LU 11) a. Location: On the radial side of the thumb and about 1 c,vn posterior to the corner of the nail b. Indications: Swollen and sore throat, cough with dyspnea, apoplexy, coma, and infantile convulsions c. Manipulations: Qia and Qiarou (nip-knead).This channel originates from Shangyang (LI 1) on the radial side of the index finger, runs upward along the radial border of the lateral side of the hand and arm to the anterior border of the acromion, winds backward and reaches Dazhui (DU 14), turns back and arrives at the supraclavicular fossa, descends to the pass through the lung, and at last enters the large intestine-the organ to which it belongs. Its branch starts from the supraclavicular fossa, goes upward to the neck, passes through the cheek and the gum of the lower teeth, winds backward to the upper lip, meets Renzhong (DU 26), goes forward again, and ends at Yingxiang (LI 20), at which point it connects with the Stomach Channel of Foot-Yangming. The Large Intestine Channel of HandYangming is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Lung Channel. Along the each the left and right route, there are 20 points. The commonly used ones are as follows (See Figure 14). 1. Hegu (LI 4) a. Location: On the dorsum of the hand and at the midpoint between the 1st and 2nd metacarpal bones b. Indications: Headache, toothache, fever, swollen and sore throat, pain in the shoulder and arm, finger spasm, and facial paralysisThe Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulationsc. Manipulations: Na, An, and RouQia (knead-nip). 2. Yangxi (LI 5) a. Location: On the radial transverse crease of the dorsurn of the wrist and between the vagina tendinzlm mzlsczllornm abdzlctoris longi et extensoris brevis policis and tendinous sheath of long extensor muscle of thumb b. Indications: Headache, tinnitus, toothache, swollen and sore throat, conjunctival congestion, and wrist pain c. Manipulations: An, Rou, Qia, and Na Figure 14 3. Shousanli (LI 10) a. Location: 2 czln below qzlchi (LI 11) and on the line between yungxi (LI 5) and quchi (LI 11) b. Indications: Spasmodic elbow with difficulty in flexion and extension, and numbness and soreness of the arm c. Manipulations: Na, An, Rou, and Yizhichan Tui 4. Quchi (LI 11) a. Location: In the depression at the lateral end of the cubital transverse crease when the elbow is flexed b. Indications: Fever, hypertension, swollen and painhl elbow and arm with difficulty in flexion and extension, and paralysis c. Manipulations: Na, An, Rou, and Qia. 5. Jianyu (LI 15) a. Location: In the depression anterior and inferior to the acromion when the arm is abducted b. Indications: Pain in the shoulder, motor impairment of the shoulder, and hemiparalysis c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou and GunChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsa. Location: In the nasolabial groove and at the point 0.5 can lateral to the ala nasi. b. Indications: Rhinitis, stuffy nose, and facial paralysis c. Manipulations: Qia, An, Rou, and Yizhichan TuiThis channel originates from the lateral side of the ala nasi, runs upward to meet the Bladder Channel of Foot-‘Giyang at the radix nasi and arrives at Chengqi (ST 1) at the infraorbi tal margin, descends through the upper gum, around the lips and along the mandible and Jiache (ST 6), and finally winds upward again to reach Touwei (ST 8) at the preauricular frontal angle. The facial branch starts from the mandible, descends into the supraclavicular fossa along the neck, descends again and passes through the diaphragm, enters the stomachthe organ to which it pertains-and connects with the spleen. The branch travelling along the exterior route starts from the supraclavicular fossa, descends through the nipple and . abdomen, meets the branch arising from the lower orifice of the stomach at Qichong (ST 30), runs downward again along the anterior side of the thigh and the anterolateral aspect of the tibia, and ends at Lidui (ST 45) on the second toe. Located along this channel and on both its routes are 90 points. The following are commonly used. This channel is exteriorlyinteriorly related to the Spleen Channel (See Figure 15). Figure 15The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations1. Sibai (ST 2) a. Location: In the depression of the infraorbital forearm and directly below the pupil while one is looking straight ahead b. Indication: Facial paralysis; spasm of the facial muscles; and reddened, painful and itchy eye(s) c. Manipulations: An, Rou, and Yizhichan Tui 2. Dicang (ST 4) a. Location: 0.4 cun lateral to the corner of the mouth, directly below Juliao (ST 3) b. Indications: Facial paralysis and salivation c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, and Rou 3. Jiache (ST 6) a. Location: In the depression one finger-breadth anterior and superior to the lower angle of the mandible b. Indications: Toothache, swelling of the cheek, and facial paralysis c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, and Rou 4. Xiaguan (ST 7) a. Location: In the depression on the lower border of the zygomatic arch b. Indications: Facial paralysis, toothache, and temporomandibular joint inflammation c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, and Rou 5. Touwei (ST 8) a. Location: 0.5 cun directly above the anterior hairline at the corner of the forehead b. Indications: Headache, Vertigo and ophthalmalgia c. Manipulations: Mo, An, Rou, and Saosan (knead-sweep) 6. Renying (ST 9) a. Location: 1.5 cun lateral to the laryngeal protuberance b. Indications: Swollen and sore throat, asthma, choking sensation in the chest, emesis, and hiccups c. Manipulations: Na, Rou, and Chan (twining) 7. Shuitu (ST 10) a. Location: 1 can inferior to Renying (ST 9) and on the anterior border of m, sternocleidomustoidezts b. Indications: Fullness in the chest, cough, asthma, swollen andChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints sore threat, and shortness of breath c. Manipulations: Na, Mo, and Chan 8. Quepen (ST 12) a. Location: In the depression of the midpoint of supraclavicular fossa and directly above the nipple b. Indications: Fullness in the chest, cough, asthma, sore throat, and pain and numbness in the arm. c. Manipulations: An, Tanbo (flick-poke) and Rou. 9. Tianshu (ST 25) a. Location: 2 cgn lateral to the umbilicus b. Indications: Constipation, diarrhea, irregular menstruation, and abdominal pain c. Manipulations: Rou, Mo, and Yizhichan Tui 10. Biguan (ST 3 1) a. Location: On the line jointing the anterior superior iliac spine and the lateral border of the patella and at the level of the gluteal groove b. Indications: Soreness of the loins and legs, numbness and weakness of the legs with spasmodic tendons that lead to difficulty in flexion and extension, and myoatrophy of the quadriceps muscle of thigh c. Manipulations: An, Na, Rou, DiAn, Gun and Tanbo 11. Futu (ST 32) a. Location: 6 can above the laterosuperior border of the patella b. Indications: Pain, coldness and numbness of the knee, and paralysis of the legs c. Manipulations: Gun, An, and Rou 12. Liangqiu (ST 34) a. Location: 2 can above the laterosuperior border of the patella b. Indications: Pain, coldness and numbness of the knee, stomachache, and mastitis. c. Manipulations: Gun, An, DiAn, and Na 13. Dubi (ST 3 5) a. Location: In the depression lateral to the patellar ligament and on the lower border of the patella b. Indications: Pain, weakness, and motor impairment of the knee c. Manipulations: DiAn, An, and RouThe Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations14. Zusanli (ST 36) a. Location: 3 czln below Dubi (ST 35), one finger-breadth apart from the anterior crest of the tibia b. Indications: Abdominal pain and distension, diarrhea, constipation, coldness and numbness in the legs, and hypertension c. Manipulations: An, DiAn, Rou, and Yizhichan Tui 15. Shangjuxu (ST 37) a. Location: 3 czln directly below Zusanli (ST 36) b. Indications: Pain around the navel, diarrhea, appendicitis, soreness and numbness in the legs, and paralysis c. Manipulations: An, Na, Gun, and Rou 16. Jiexi (ST 41) a. Location: On the dorsurn of the foot, at the midpoint of the transverse crease of the ankle, in the depression between the tendon of m. extensor digorzlm longzls and buZZzlcis Zongzls b. Indications: Ankle sprain, numbness of the foot and toes, and headache c. Manipulations: An, Na, Qia, and DiAn 3.3.4. THESPLEEN CHANNEL OF FOOT-TAIYINThis channel originates from Yinbai (SP 1) at the tip of the big toe, runs along the medial aspect of the foot, goes upward from the medial aspect of the ankle, ascends along the anterior border of the medial aspects of the tibia and the thigh up to Chongmen (SP 12) in the groin. The exterior route runs upward into the abdomen, ascends along a line 2 czln lateral to the midline of the abdomen to the chest, and then descends to Dabao (SP 21) at the hypochondrium. The interior route runs inside, enters the spleen-the organ to which it pertains–and connects with the stomach, then ascends alongside the esophagus, and finally reaches the root of the tongue and spreads over the lower surface of the tongue. The branch arising from the stomach goes upwards, passes through the diaphragm, enters the heart, and connects with the Heart Channel of Hand-Shaoyin. This channel is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Stomach Channel. Located along either of the left and right routes are 21 points, of which the following are commonly used (See Figure 16). 1. Gongsun (SP 4) a. Location: On the medial aspect of the tarsal bones of the foot, in the depression of the anterior and inferior border of the base of the first metatarsal boneChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsb. Indica.tions: Diarrhea, abdominal gain, vomiting, and swelling and pain on the medial aspect of the foot c. Manipulations: An, Rou, DiAn, and Yizhichan Tui 2. Sanyinjiao (SP 6) a. Location: 3 can directly above the tip of the medial malleolus, on the posterior border of the medial aspect of the tibia b. Indications: Insomnia, enuresis, weakness of the spleen and stomach, uroschesis, nocturnal emission, impotence, irregular menstruation, and hypertension c. Manipulations: Rou, An, and Yizhichan Tui 3. Yinlingquan (SP 9) a. Location: In the depression of the hypocondylar border on the medial aspect of the tibia b. Indications: Soreness of the knee and difficulty in urinating c. Manipulations: Rou, An, DiAn, Na, and Yizhichan Tui ‘mediosuperior border of the b. Indications: Irregular menstruation and soreness of the knee c. Manipulations: Na, An, and DiAn 5. Daheng (SP 15) a. Location: 4 can lateral to the center of the umbilicus b. Indications: Diarrhea due to cold of insufficiency type constipation and pain in the lower abdomen c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Mo, Rou, and Na 3.3.5. THE HEARTCHANNELO F HAND-SHAOYIN This channel originates from the ” heart, spreads over the heart system-Figure 16The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulationsthe tissues connecting the heart with the other mng-fg organs-and descends to connect with the small intestine. The portion of this channel ascending from the heart system runs alongside the esophagus to connect the eye and the tissues that connect the eye with the brain. The other portion of this channel coming out of the heart system runs upward to the lung, goes transversely to the left and right, emerges from Jiquan (HT 1) at the axilla, travels downward along the upper arm, the elbow and the palmar ulnar border of the forearm into the palm, ends at Shaochong (HT 9) at the tip of the medial aspect of the small finger and links with the Small Intestine Channel of HandTaiyang. This channel is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Small Intestine Channel. Along it, there are 18 points, nine on the left route, nine on the right route. The following are its commonly used points (See Figure 17). 1. Jiquan (HT 1) a. Location: In the center of the axilla b. Indications: Choking sensation in the chest; pain in the hypochondriac region; and soreness, coldness, and numbness of the arm and elbow c. Manipulations: Na and Tanbo 2. Shaohai (HT 3) a. Location: When the elbow is flexed, the point is located in the depression of the ulnar end of the transverse cubi tal crease b. Indications: Spasmodic pain in the elbow and tremor of the hand c. Manipulations: Na and Tanbo 3. Shenmen (HT 7) a. Location: At the ulnar end of the transverse crease of the wrist, in the depression on the Figure 17Chapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsradial side of the tendon of m. flexor c q b i z~lmzris b. Indications: Palpitation due to fright, severe palpitation, insomnia, amnesia, and arrhythmia c. Manipulations: Na, An, and RouThis channel originates from Shaoze (SI 1) on the ulnar side of the tip of the small finger, runs upward along the ulnar border of the dorsum of the hand and forearm to the shoulder, circles around the scapular region and goes further to meet Dazhui (DU 14), turns downward to Quepen (ST 12) in the supraclavicular fossa. From there, the inside branch descends to connect with the heart and further to enter the small intestine-the organ to which it belongs. The branch going superficially from the supraclavicular fossa ascends to the neck and further to the Figure 18 cheek, enters the ear, and ends at Tinggong (SI 19). The branch from the neck runs upward to the infraorbital region and further to the lateral side of the nose, reaches the inner canthus and links with the Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang. The Small Intestine Channel of Hand-Taiyang is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Heart Channel. Located along it are 38 points, 19 on the left route and 19 on the right route. The commonly used ones are as follows (See Figure 18). 1. Shaoze (SI 1) a. Location: O n the ulnar side of the small finger, about 0.1 cun posterior to the corner of the nail b. Indications: Fever, coma due to apoplexy, hypogalactia, and sore throat c. Manipulations: Qia 2. Xiaohai (SI 8) a. Location: In the depression between the olecranon of the ulna aThe Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulationsand the medial epicondyle of the humerus when the elbow is flexed b. Indications: Toothache, pain in the neck and soreness in the arms c. Manipulations: Na and Rou 3. Bingfeng (SI 12) a. Location: In the center of the suprascapular fossa, directly above Tianzong (SI 11) b. Indications: Pain in the scapular region and soreness and numbness in the arms with difficulty in raising them c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, and Rou 4. Jianwaishu (SI 14) a. Location: 3 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Cold pain in the shoulder and back, rigidity of the neck, and soreness and numbness in the arms c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, and Rou 5. Jianzhongshu (SI 15) a. Location: 2 can lateral to Dazhui (DU 14) b. Indications: Cough, asthma, pain in the shoulder and back, and blurred vision c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, and Rou 6. Jianzhen (SI 9) a. Location: 1 can above the posterior end of the axillary fold b. Indications: Soreness and motor impairment of the shoulder and arm paralysis c. Manipulations: Gun, An, DiAn, Rou, and Na 7. Tianzong (SI 1 1) a. Location: in between the infrafossa of the spine and scapula b. Indications: Soreness of the shoulder and back; motor impairment of the shoulder; rigidity of the neck; and pain and numbness in the arm c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, DiAn, and Rou 8. Quanliao (SI 18) a. Location: Directly below the outer canthus, in the depression on the lower border of the zygoma b. Indications: Facial paralysis and facial spasm c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Rou, An, and DiAnChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common AcupointsThis channel starts from Jingming (BL 1) at the inner canthus, ascends via the forehead and meets the D u Channel at the vertex (where a branch arises, running to the temple). From there, it goes inside to communicate with the brain, comes out and descends along the posterior aspect of the neck, runs downward alongside the medial aspect of the scapula and parallel to the vertebral column to the lumbar region (where another branch arises, descending). From there, it goes inside the body cavity, connects with the kidney and enters the urinary bladderthe organ to which it pertains. The branch from the lumbar region descends via the buttock into the popliteal fossa. There is yet another branch arising from the posterior aspect of the neck. It runs straight downward along the medial border of the scapula, passes the buttock and the lateral aspect of the thigh, meets the branch 6rom the lumbar region in the popliteal fossa. From there, it makes its way downward via the shank, emerges from the posterior aspect of the lateral malleolus, runs along the tuberosity of the fifth metatarsal bone, and ends at Zhiyin (BL 67) at the lateral side of the tip of the small toe, where it connects with the Kidney Channel of FootShaoyin. Figure 19The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations The Bladder Channel of Foot-Taiyang is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Kidney Channel. Along it, there are 134 points located all over the body, every two of which share the same name. The commonly used ones are as follows (See Figure 19). 1. Jimgming (BL 1) a. Location: 0.1 can lateral to the inner canthus b. Indications: Eye disorders c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, and Zhen 2. Cuanzhu (BL 2) a. Location: In the depression on the medial extremity of the eyebrow b. Indications: Headache, insomnia, supraorbital pain, and eye redness and pain c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Mo 3. Tianzhu (BL 10) a. Location: 1.3 cgn lateral to Yamen (DU 15), in the depression on the lateral border of m. W e z i w b. Indications: Headache, rigidity of the neck, stuffy nose, and pain in the shoulder and back c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Na 4. Dazhu (BL 11) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the first thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Fever, cough, neck rigidity, and pain in the shoulder and back c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, and Rou 5 . Fengmen (BL 12) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the second thoracic vertebra b. Indication: Cold, cough, neck rigidity, and pain in the shoulder and back c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, and Rou 6. Feishu (BL 13) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinuous process of the third thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Cough, asthma, stuffiness and pain in the chest, and strained back muscles c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, Rou, and TanboChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints7. Xinshu (BL 15) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the fifth thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Insomnia, amnesia, hemiparalysis, palpitation, and irritability c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, Rou, and Tanbo. 8. Ganshu (BL 18) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the ninth thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Distending pain in the hypochondriac region, hepatitis, and eye disorders c. Manipulations: Y~zhichanTui Gun, An, Rou, and Tanbo 9. Danshu (BL 19) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the tenth thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Distending and full sensation in the hypochondriac region, bitter taste in the mouth, jaundice, and biliary tract disorders c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Tanbo 10. Pishu (BL 20) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the eleventh thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Distending pain in the epigastric region, indigestion, and chronic infantile convulsion c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, DiAn, An, and Rou 11. Weishu (BL 2 1) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the twelfth thoracic vertebra b. Indications: Gastropathy, vomiting of milk in infants, and indigestion c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, DiAn, An, Rou, and Gun 12. Sanjiaoshu (BL 22) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 1st lumbar vertebra b. Indications: Borborygmus, abdominal distension, vomiting, and rigidity and pain in the waist and back c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, DiAn, and GunThe Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations13. Shenshu (BL 23) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 2nd lumbar vertebra b. Indications: Deficient kidney, lumbago, nocturnal emission, and irregular menstruation c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Gun, An, Rou, and DiAn 14. Qihaishu (BL 24) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower order of the spinous process of the 3rd lumbar vertebra b. Indications: Lumbago and hemorrhoids c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Gun 15. Dachangshu (BL 2 5) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 4th lumbar vertebra b. Indications: Pain in the loins and legs, lumbar muscle strain, and enteritis c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Gun 16. Guanyuanshu (BL 26) a. Location: 1.5 czLn lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 5th lumbar vertebra b. Indications: Lumbago and diarrhea c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Gun, Rou, and DiAn 17. Zhibian (BL 54) a. Location: 3 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 4th sacral vertebra b. Indications: Pain in the lumbosacral region, flaccidity of the lower extremities, difficulty in micturition, and constipation c. Manipulations: Gun, Na, An, Rou, DiAn, and Tanbo 18. Yinmen (BL 37) a. Location: 6 m n below the center of the gluteal groove b. Indications: Sciatica, paralysis of the lower extremities, and pain in the loins and legs c. Manipulations: Gun, DiAn, Ya (heavy pressing), and Na 19. Weizhong (BL 40) a. Location: At the midpoint of the transverse crease of the popliteal fossa b. Indications: Lumbago, difficulty in flexing and extending the knee, and hemiparalysisChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsc. Ilt4anipulations: G~zn,hTa, An, Rou, and Vizhichan Tui 20. Gaohuang (BL 34) a. Location: 3 can lateral to the lower border of the spinous process of the 4th thoracic vertebra, in the depression on the spinal border of the scapula b. Indications: Cough, asthma, tidal fever, mania, amnesia, and nocturnal emission c. Manipulations: Gun, An, Rou, and Yizhichan Tui 2 1. Zhishi (BL 52) a. Location: 1.5 can lateral to Shenshu (BL 2 3) b. Indications: Nocturnal emission, impotence, irregular menstruation, enuresis, and chronic lumbago c. Manipulations: Gun, Rou, An, and Yizhichan Tui 22. Chengshan (BL 57) a. Location: the top of the depression between both bellies of m. gustrocnemi~1!s b. Indication: Pain in the loins and legs, systremma, and diarrhea ulations: Gun, An, Rou, Na, and C 23. Kunlun (BL 60)b. Indications: Headache, rigidity of the neck, lumbago, and sprained ankle c. Manipulations: An, Na, and DiAnThis channel starts from the inferior aspect of the small toe, goes obliquely towards Yongquan (KI 1) in the center of the sole, emerges from the lower aspect of the tuberosity of the navicular bone, travels behind the medial malleolus and reaches the heel, ascends along the medio-posterior aspect of the shank, the popliteal fossa and the thigh, and enters the vertebral column, ascends further in the column, arrives at the kidney-the organ to which it belongs-and connects with the urinary bladder, and re-emerges from the pubic bone, runs upward through the abdomen, and ends at Shufu (KI 27) below the clavicle of the thorax. The branch from the kidney runs straight up through the liver and the diaphragm, enters the lung, ascends along the throat, and terminates at both sides of the root of the tongue.The Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations The branch from the lung joins the heart and runs into the chest to link with the Pericardium Channel of Hand-Hueyin. The Kidney Channel of Foot-Shaoyin is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Bladder Channel. Along both routes of it, there are 54 points, of which the following are commonly used (See Figure 20). 1. Yongquan (KI 1) a. Location: On the sole, in the depression when the foot is in plantar flexion b. Indications: Migraine, hypertension, infantile fever, vomiting, diarrhea, and insomnia c. Manipulations: Ca, An, Rou, and Na 2. Zhaohai (KI 6) a. Location: In the depression on the lower border of the medial malleolus b. Indications: Irregular menstruation, pain in the lower abdomen, dry throat, aphasia, and retention of urine c. Manipulations: An and RouThis channel originates in the chest, enters the pericardium-the organ to which it belongs-and after emerging, descends through the diaphragm, and passes the abdomen to connect successively with the upper-, middle- and lower-jido. The branch arising from the chest runs inside the chest, comes out from Tianchi (PC 1) in the costal region, travels transversely to the axillaryFigure 20Chapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints fold, desceilds into the palm along the middle line of the medial side of the upper arm and between the tendons of m. palmaris longzis and m. flexocarpi of the forearm, and passes along the middle finger up to the tip where Zhongchong (PC 9) is located. The branch arising from the palm leaves Laogong (PC 8) and runs along the ring finger up to the tip where it connects with the Sanjiao Channel of Hand-Shaoyang . The Pericardium Channel of Hand-Jueyin is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Sanjiao Channel. Along both routes of it, there are 18 points. The commonly used ones are as follows (See Figure 21). 1. Quze (PC 3) a. Location: On the transverse cubital crease, at the ulnar side of the tendon of m. biceps brdchii. b. Indications: Angina pectoris and soreness and tremor of the arm c. Manipulations: Na, An, and Rou 2. Neiguan (PC 6) a. Location: 2 can ve the transvers crease of the wrist, between the tendons of .rn. paI.nzu~-is longgs and m. flexor radidlis b. Indications: Stomachache, vomiting, palpitation, angina pectoris hypertension, asthma, and mental d isease c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, and Na 3. Laogong (PC 8) a. Location: on the transverse crease of the palm, between the 2nd and 3rd metacarpal bones Figure 2 1 ‘The Channels and Points Commonly Used i n Tuina Manipulationsb. Indications: Psychosis, palpitation, heatstroke, and vomiting c. Manipulations: An, Qia, and Na 4. Zhongchong (PC 9) a. Location: At the tip of the middle finger b. Indications: Coma, fever, heatstroke, and difficulty in speaking due to a stiff tongue c. Manipulations: Qia and Qiarou 3.3.1 0. THE SANJIAOCHANNELOF HAND-SHAOYANGThis channel starts from the point of Guanchong (SJ 1) at the tip of the ring finger, runs upward to the shoulder from between the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones and then between the radius and the ulna of the forearm, via the olecranon and along the lateral aspect of the upper arm, and finally goes forward from the shoulder to the supraclavicular fossa. From the fossa, it comes down into the chest and spreads there, connecting with the pericardium. Descending and passing through the diaphragm, it enters in succession the three jiuo in the stomach-the organ to which it pertains. The branch arising from the chest ascends, comes out of the same supraclavicular fossa, ascends to the neck, runs long the posterior border of the ear, winds to the anterior border of the ear, descends along the temple to the cheek, and terminates in the infraorbital region. The branch arising from the retroauricular region enters the ear. Then it emerges in front of the ear, crosses the previous branch at the cheek and reaches the outer canthus where Sizhukong (SJ 23) is located, linking with the Gallbladder Channel of Foot-Shaoyang. The Sanjiao Channel of Hand-Shaoyang has the exterior-interior relationship with the Pericardium Channel. Along both routes of it, there are 46 points altogether. The following are the commonly used ones (See Figure 22). 1. Zhongzhu (SJ 3) a. Location: When the fist is naturally clenched, the point is on the dorsum of the hand, in the depression between the posterior borders of the small ends of the 4th and 5th metacarpal bones b. Indication: Migraine, pain in the palm and finger with difficulty in flexion and extension, and pain in the elbow and arm c. Manipulations: Rou and Yizhichan TuiChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints2. Waiguan (SJ 5) a. Location: 2 can above the dorsal carpal transverse crease between the radius and the ulna b. Indications: Headache, pain, and motor impairment of the elbow, arm, and finger c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Qia, An, and Rou 3. Jianliao (SJ 14) a. Location: Lateral and inferior to the acromion, in the depression about 1 can posterior to the point Jianyu (LI 15) b. Indications: Soreness of the shoulder and arm and motor impairment of the Figure 22 shoulder c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, An, Rou, Gun, and NaThis channel originates from the outer canthus where the point Tongziliao (GB 1) is located, ascends to the temple, curves downward to the retroauricular region, descends along the side of the neck to the shoulder, and enters the supraclavicular fossa. The retroauricular branch arises from retroauricular region and enters the ear. Then it emerges from the preauricular region and goes along to the posterior aspect of the outer canthus. The branch arising from the outer canthus descends to Daying (ST 5 ) and meets the Sanjiao Channel of Hand-Shaoyang in the infraorbital region, goes downward to pass through Jiache (ST 6) and to arrive at the shoulder, enters the supraclavicular fossa where it meets the main channel, falls into the chest, travels through the diaphragm, connectsThe Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulations with the liver, and enters the gallbladder-the organ to which it pertains. Then it runs downwards along the inner side of the hypochondrium, comes out of the groin, passes through the vulva, and goes transversely into the hip joint region. The branch going down from the supraclavicular fossa passes in front of the axilla along the lateral aspect of the chest and hypochondrium to the hip region where it meets the previous branch. Then it descends along the lateral aspect of the thigh and knee, the anterior aspect of the fibula and the anterior aspect of the lateral malleolus. It ends the lateral side of the tip of the 4th toe where the point Zuqiaoyin (GB 44) is located. Figure 23 The branch starting from the dorsum of the foot connects with the Liver Channel of Foot-Jueyin. The Gallbladder Channel of Foot-Shaoyang is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Liver Channel. Along both routes of it, there are 88 points altogether. The following ones are commonly used (See Figure 23). 1. Tongziliao (GB 1) a. Location: Lateral to the outer canthus, on the lateral border of the orbital bone b. Indications: Migraine, conjunctivitis, myopia, and optic atrophy c. Manipulations: Rou, An, and Yizhichan Tui 2. Yangbai (GB 14) a. Location: When looking is directed straight ahead, the point is 1 can directly above the midpoint of the eyebrow b. Indications: Facial paralysis, headache, and prosopalgia c. Manipulations: An, Mo, Pianfengtui, and RouChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupoints3. Fengchi (GI3 20) a. Location: Between the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the trapezia1 muscle, at the same level of Fengu (DU 16) b. Indications: Migraine, headache, common cold, neurosism, mental disease, rigidity of the neck, myopia, and hypertenslon c. Manipulations: Y~zhichanTui, An, Rou, DiAn, and Na 4. Jianjing (GB 2 1 ) a. Location: O n the midway between Dazhui (DU 14) and the acromion and at the highest point of the shoulder b. Indications: Rigidity of the neck, soreness of the shoulder and back, mastitis, and motor impairment of the arm c. Manipulations: Na, Rou, Ylzhichan Tui, and Gun 5 . Juliao (GB 29) a. Location: On the midway between the anterosuperior iliac spine and the great trochanter of femur . b. Indications: Pain in the loins and legs, soreness of the hip joint, sacro-illius, and inflammation of the superior clunial nerves6. Huantiao (GB 30) a. Location: At the junction of the lateral one-third and medial two-thirds of the distance between the great trochanter of femur and the hiatus of sacrum. b. Indications: Pain in the loins and legs and paralysis of the lower extremities c. Manipulations: Gun, DiAn, An, and Ya 7. Fengshi (GB 3 1 ) a. Location: On the midline of the lateral aspect of the thigh, 7 cun above the transverse popliteal crease b. Indications: Paralysis of the lower extremities, soreness of the knee, and inflammation of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh c. Manipulations: Gun, DiAn, An, and Ca 8. Yanglingquan (GB 34) a. Location: In the depression anterior and inferior to the small end of the fibula b. Indications: Painful knee, hypochondriac pain, paralysis of the legs, and cholecystitisThe Channels and Points Commonly Used in Tuina Manipulationsc. Manipulations: Na, DiAn, An, and Rou 9. Xuanzhong (GB 39) a. Location: 3 cnn above the tip of the lateral malleolus, on the anterior border of the fibula b. Indications: Headache, rigidity of the neck, soreness of the legs, paralysis, and ankle disorders c. Manipulations: Na, DiAn, An, and Rou 10. Xiuxu (BG 40) a. Location: Anterior and inferior to the lateral malleolus, in the depression on the lateral side of the tendon of m. extensordigitob. Indications: Ankle pain, leg paralysis, and chest and hypochondriac pain. c. Manipulations: An, DiAn, Na, and Rou 3.3.1 2. THE LIVERCHANNELOF FOOT-JUEYINThis channel originates from the point Dadun (LR 1) at the tip of the big toe, runs upward along the dorsum of the foot, the anterior border of the medial malleols and the medial aspects of the shank, the knee and the thigh to the pubic hair region, curves around the external genitalia, and goes upward to the lower abdomen. From there it divides into two. One goes obliquely to the point Qimen (LR 14) between both ribs inferior to the nipple. The other runs upward and curves around the stomach to enter the liver-the organ to which it belongs-and connects with the gallbladder. Then it continues to ascend, passing through the diaphragm and branching out in the chest and hypochondriac region. Further upward, it reaches the nasopharynx region along the posterior aspect of the throat, connecting with the eye system. Finally, it ascends along the forehead to meet the Du Channel at the vertex. The branch arising from the eye system runs downward into the cheek and curves around the inner surface of the lips. The branch arising from the liver goes upward to pass the diaphragm, enters the lung and links with the Lung Channel of HandTaiyin. The Liver Channel of Foot-Jueyin is exteriorly-interiorly related to the Gallbladder Channel. Along it, there are 28 points altogether, 14 on the left route, four on the right route. The commonly used ones are as follows (See Figure 24).Chapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsa. Location: O n the dorsum of the foot, in the depression distal to the junction of the 1st and 2nd metatarsals b. Indications: Headache, vertigo, hypertension, hypochondriac pain, infantile convulsion, mental disease, and swelling and pain in the dorsum of the foot c. Manipulations: An, DiAn, Rou, and Yizhichan Tui 2. Zhangmen (LR 13) a. Location: At the free end of the 1l t h rib b. Indications: Distending pain in the chest and hypochondriac region, choking sensation in the chest, and cholecystitis c. Manipulations: An, Rou, and Mo 3.3.1 3. THE REN CHANNELThis channel originates in the lower abdomen and emerges from the perineum. It goes straight upward to the throat along the midline of the abdomen and chest. From there, it ascends to the point Cheng j iang (RN 24). Ascending further, it curves around the lips, passes the cheek, and enters the infraorbital region. (See Figure 25). Along it, there are 24 points altogether. The commonly used ones are as follows. 1. Qugu (RN 2) a. Location: On the midline of the abdomen and on the upper border of the symphysis pubis b. Indications: Nocturnal emission, impotence, and retention of urineThe Channels and Points Commonly Used i n Tuina Manipulationsc. Manipulations: An, DiAn, and Rou 2. Zhongji (RN 3) a. Location: On the midline of the abdomen, 4 can below the umbilicus b. Indications: Pain in the lower abdomen, enuresis, retention of . urine, irregular menstruation, and pelvic inflammation c. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Mo, Rou, DiAn, and An 3. Guanyuan (RN 4) a. Location: 3 can below the umbilicus b. Indications: Irregular menstruation, dysmenFigure 25 orrhea, nocturnal emission, impotence, enuresis, and chronic diarrhea c. Manipulations: Mo, Rou, An, DiAn, and Yizhichan Tui 4. Qihai (RN 6) a. Location: 1.5 can below the umbilicus b. Indications: Noctural emission, impotence, dysmenorrhea, diarrhea, enuresis, and irregular menstruation c. Manipulations: Mo, An, Rou, and Zhen 5. Zhongwan (RN 12) a. Location: 4 can above the umbilicus b. Indications: Stomachache, abdominal distension, vomiting, and indigestion c. Manipulations: Pdo, An, Rou, and Zhen 6. Danzhong (RN 17) a. Location: On the midline of the abdomen, at the level of the 4th intercostal space b. Indications: Cough and asthma, stuffiness and pain in the chest, hiccups, mastitis, and angina pectorisChapter 3: The Fourteen Channels and the Common Acupointsc. Manipulations: Yizhichan Tui, Mo, An, and Rou 7. Tiantu (RN 22) a. Location: At the center of the suprasternal fossa b. Indications: Cough with dyspnea, difficulty in coughing up sputum, aphasia, and hiccups c. Manipulations: Rou, An, Qia, and DiAn 8. Lianquan (RN 2 3) a. Location: Above the Adam’s apple, in the depression of the upper border of the hyoid bone b. Indications: Aphasia, stiff tongue, difficulty in swallowing, and laryngopharyngi tis c. Manipulations: An, Rou, DiAn, and Tanbo 9. Chengjiang (RN 24) a. Location: In the center of the mentolabial sulcus b. Indication: Facial paralysis, prosopalgia, and toothache c. Manipulations: An, Rou, and Qiais channel starts from in the lower abdomen and emerges from the perineum, and then goes backwards to the point Changqiang (DU 1). From there, it runs upward along the interior of the spinal column all the way, passing Fengfu (DU 16), entering the brain and reachin the vertex. Going furthe
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